The Ultimate Guide to Copper Tubes: Types, Uses, and Benefits

Introduction to Copper Tubes

Copper tubes, often referred to as copper pipes or copper tubing, are a cornerstone of modern plumbing, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and refrigeration systems.Their unique combination of durability, corrosion resistance, and excellent thermal conductivity has made them a preferred material for a wide range of applications. From carrying potable water to circulating refrigerants, copper tubing's reliability and performance are unmatched. This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of everything you need to know about copper tubes, from their different types and sizes to their numerous applications and benefits.

The use of copper for transporting water dates back thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians and Romans used copper pipes for their water supply and drainage systems, a testament to the metal's lasting properties. While the methods have evolved, the core principles remain the same. Today, modern manufacturing processes and standardized practices ensure that copper tubes are consistently reliable and meet stringent quality and safety regulations, making them an essential component of the built environment.

Types of Copper Tubes

Copper tubes are available in several distinct types, each designed for specific applications based on its wall thickness and form factor. Understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the right type of tubing for your project. The two primary categories are rigid (or hard) copper and flexible (or soft) copper.

Rigid Copper Tubes (Hard-Drawn)

Rigid copper tubes are straight lengths of pipe that are hard-drawn, meaning they have been stretched and hardened during the manufacturing process. This makes them rigid and unable to be bent by hand. They are typically joined using soldered, brazed, or press fittings. Rigid copper is categorized into three main types, identified by color-coded markings on the tube: Type K, Type L, and Type M.

• Type K: Distinguished by its green marking, Type K has the thickest wall among the common rigid copper types. Its robust construction makes it ideal for demanding applications where high pressure or corrosive environments are a concern. It is commonly used for underground water mains, fire protection systems, and oil lines. The extra thickness provides exceptional durability and resistance to damage from external forces.

• Type L: Marked with blue, Type L has a medium wall thickness. This is the most widely used type of copper tubing for general plumbing and heating applications. Its balance of strength and cost-effectiveness makes it a versatile choice for both above-ground and underground installations. It's suitable for hot and cold potable water lines, heating systems, and some HVAC applications.

• Type M: Identified by its red marking, Type M has the thinnest wall of the three types. Due to its lighter weight and lower cost, it is often preferred for low-pressure residential plumbing and heating systems where wall thickness is not a critical factor. It's suitable for above-ground water supply lines and some drainage, waste, and vent (DWV) applications, although its use in some jurisdictions may be limited by local building codes.

Flexible Copper Tubes (Soft-Drawn)

Flexible copper tubes are annealed, a heat treatment process that makes the copper soft and malleable. This allows the tubing to be easily bent and coiled, which is particularly useful for installations with many turns or limited space. It is sold in rolls or coils and is typically joined with flare or compression fittings, though it can also be soldered.

• Description and Advantages: The main advantage of flexible copper tubing is its ability to be routed around obstacles with minimal fittings. This can reduce installation time and the number of potential leak points. Its malleability also helps absorb vibration, making it an excellent choice for connections to moving equipment.

• Common Applications: Flexible copper is extensively used in the HVAC and refrigeration industries for refrigerant lines. It is also found in oil lines, certain types of medical gas systems, and for making connections to appliances like gas water heaters.

Specialty Copper Tubes

Beyond the standard types, there are also specialized copper tubes designed for unique applications.

• Medical Gas Tubing (Type ACR): This type of copper tubing is specifically manufactured for medical gas and vacuum systems. The acronym ACR stands for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, but this tubing is also a standard for medical gases. It is cleaned and capped at the factory to ensure it is free of contaminants, which is a critical requirement for medical applications like oxygen or nitrous oxide supply.

• Nitrogenized Copper Tubes: These tubes are typically used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. They are pre-charged with a small amount of nitrogen and capped to prevent the entry of moisture and contaminants during storage and transport. This nitrogen atmosphere helps maintain the internal cleanliness of the tube, which is essential for the longevity and efficiency of refrigerant systems.

Copper Tube Sizes and Dimensions

Understanding the sizing of copper tubes is essential for proper selection and installation. Unlike many other piping systems, copper tubing uses a unique sizing convention that can sometimes be confusing to those unfamiliar with it.

Nominal vs. Actual Size: Understanding the Difference

The most important concept to grasp is the difference between nominal size and actual size. The nominal size of a copper tube is a historical reference that approximates the inside diameter of the pipe, but it is not the actual measurement. For example, a 1/2-inch nominal copper tube does not have an actual inside or outside diameter of 1/2 inch.

The actual outside diameter (OD) of a copper tube is always 1/8 inch larger than its nominal size. For a 1/2-inch nominal pipe, the actual outside diameter is 5/8 inches ( $$1/2+1/8=5/8$$inches). This consistent relationship is critical for ensuring that fittings and tubes fit together correctly. Fittings are manufactured to slide over the actual outside diameter of the tube.

Common Copper Tube Sizes and Their Applications

Copper tubing is available in a wide range of sizes, typically measured in nominal inches. Common sizes include 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1", and larger. The choice of size depends on the required flow rate, pressure, and specific application.

• 1/4" and 3/8": These smaller sizes are often used for refrigerant lines in smaller air conditioning units, ice maker lines in refrigerators, and humidifier connections.

• 1/2": This is a very common size for residential water distribution, supplying fixtures like sinks and toilets.

• 3/4": Often used as the main water supply line into a residential building and for branches supplying multiple fixtures, such as in a bathroom group.

• 1" and Larger: These sizes are typically reserved for main water service lines, commercial building plumbing, fire sprinkler systems, and large-scale industrial process piping.

Charts and Tables for Reference

To provide a clear overview, here is a reference table for common copper tube sizes, showing the nominal size, the corresponding actual outside diameter (OD), and the approximate inside diameter (ID) for different types (Type K, L, and M). The inside diameter varies because the wall thickness changes with the type.

Note: The actual inside diameters (ID) are approximate and can vary slightly by manufacturer.

This table highlights why selecting the right type (K, L, or M) is as important as choosing the right nominal size. For a given nominal size, a Type M tube has a larger inside diameter than a Type K tube because its wall is thinner. This means a Type M pipe can deliver a slightly higher flow rate than a Type K pipe of the same nominal size, but at the cost of reduced pressure capacity and durability. This relationship between wall thickness, pressure rating, and flow capacity is a key consideration in the design of any piping system.

Applications of Copper Tubes

The versatility and reliable performance of copper tubes have made them a go-to choice for a broad spectrum of applications across various industries. Their unique properties, including corrosion resistance, durability, and thermal conductivity, make them suitable for systems that handle everything from potable water to high-pressure gases.

Plumbing

Copper tubing is a staple in residential and commercial plumbing systems. It is the material of choice for:

• Potable Water Distribution: Copper is an excellent material for carrying drinking water. It is non-toxic, and its antimicrobial properties help inhibit the growth of bacteria, algae, and fungi within the pipes, contributing to cleaner and safer water. Both Type L and Type M rigid copper are commonly used for above-ground water supply lines, while Type K is often specified for underground service lines due to its thicker walls and resistance to damage from soil and external pressures.

• Drainage and Venting Systems: While less common than for water supply, copper can also be used for drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems in some installations. Its smooth interior walls help prevent the accumulation of sludge and waste, though it is often a more expensive option compared to PVC or other plastic pipes for this purpose.

HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

In the HVAC industry, copper tubing is indispensable for its exceptional thermal properties and ability to handle refrigerants.

• Refrigerant Lines: Both rigid and flexible copper tubing are used to connect the indoor and outdoor units of an air conditioning or heat pump system. The excellent thermal conductivity of copper allows for efficient heat exchange, a critical function in moving heat from one location to another. Flexible copper tubing (often Type ACR) is preferred for these applications as it can be easily bent to navigate around obstacles and reduce the number of solder joints, minimizing potential leak points in a closed-loop system.

• Chilled Water Systems: In large commercial and industrial HVAC systems, copper pipes are used to circulate chilled water for cooling. Their resistance to corrosion and long lifespan make them a durable choice for these closed-loop systems.

Refrigeration

Similar to HVAC, copper is the material of choice for refrigeration systems, from residential refrigerators to large-scale commercial freezers. Its ability to withstand a wide range of temperatures and pressures, combined with its resistance to the corrosive effects of refrigerants, ensures the system operates efficiently and reliably for many years.

Medical Gas Systems

The medical and healthcare industry has strict standards for the purity and delivery of gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide, and medical air.

• Specifications and Requirements: For these critical applications, a special grade of copper tubing known as Medical Gas Tubing or Type ACR is used. This tubing is rigorously cleaned, degreased, and capped at the factory to ensure it is free of all contaminants. The interior surface must be scrupulously clean to prevent any particles from being introduced into a patient's breathing gas supply. The installation of medical gas systems is also subject to strict regulations and is typically performed by certified professionals.

Industrial Applications

Copper's strength and durability also lend themselves to a variety of industrial uses:

• Hydraulic Systems: In certain low-pressure hydraulic applications, copper tubing is used to transmit fluid power. Its ability to be formed and bent makes it suitable for complex fluid circuits.

• Process Piping: Copper can be used in industrial process piping for transporting various fluids, especially where its corrosion resistance and non-reactive nature are beneficial. Examples include carrying compressed air, industrial gases, and certain chemicals.

• Solar Heating: The thermal conductivity of copper makes it an ideal material for solar heating panels, where it is used to absorb and transfer heat from the sun to a fluid, which is then used for heating water or air.

Benefits of Using Copper Tubes

The widespread use of copper tubes is not a coincidence; it is a direct result of the numerous and significant benefits they offer over alternative piping materials. These advantages contribute to long-term reliability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability.

Corrosion Resistance

One of the most compelling advantages of copper is its natural resistance to corrosion. Unlike iron-based pipes, which can rust and degrade over time, copper forms a protective patina when exposed to air and water. This layer is a mixture of copper oxide and copper carbonate, which effectively shields the underlying metal from further corrosion. This property is particularly crucial in plumbing systems, where water chemistry can vary, and in underground installations where pipes are in contact with soil. The resistance to pitting and general corrosion ensures a long, maintenance-free life for the piping system.

Durability and Longevity

Copper tubing is known for its exceptional durability and longevity. A properly installed copper piping system can last for decades, often exceeding the lifespan of the building itself. Copper does not become brittle with age or exposure to ultraviolet light, a common issue with some plastic piping materials. It can withstand a wide range of temperatures and pressures without a significant loss of integrity. This reliability translates into a lower total cost of ownership over the life of the system, as replacement and repair costs are minimized.

Thermal Conductivity

Copper's high thermal conductivity is a major asset, especially in heating, cooling, and refrigeration applications. It is one of the best conductors of heat among common piping materials. This property allows for efficient heat transfer, making copper ideal for heat exchangers, hot water heating systems, and refrigerant lines. In a refrigerant system, for example, the efficient transfer of heat from the air to the refrigerant fluid is critical for the system's overall efficiency and performance.

Antimicrobial Properties

A remarkable benefit of copper is its inherent antimicrobial property. The copper surface is naturally hostile to a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. When microbes come into contact with copper, the copper ions disrupt their cellular functions, leading to their inactivation. This makes copper tubing an excellent choice for potable water systems, as it helps maintain water quality by inhibiting the growth of pathogens. This property is a key reason why it is the standard for medical gas lines and is increasingly recognized for its public health benefits in general plumbing.

Recyclability

From an environmental standpoint, copper is a highly sustainable material. It is 100% recyclable without any loss of its properties or quality. A significant portion of the copper in use today has been recycled from previous applications. The energy required to recycle copper is a fraction of the energy needed to mine and produce new copper. This high recyclability rate reduces the demand for new mining operations, minimizes waste, and lowers the overall carbon footprint of copper products.

Copper Tube Fittings and Connections

Connecting copper tubes to each other and to fixtures is a critical part of any plumbing or HVAC system. There are several methods for joining copper pipes, each with its own advantages and specific applications. The choice of fitting and connection method depends on factors like pressure, temperature, and the type of tubing being used.

Types of Fittings

Copper fittings are designed to provide a secure, leak-proof connection. They are typically made of copper, brass, or bronze.

• Compression Fittings: These fittings create a mechanical, watertight seal without the need for heat. A compression fitting consists of three parts: a nut, a ferrule (or sleeve), and a compression body. When the nut is tightened, it compresses the ferrule against the pipe, creating a seal. Compression fittings are easy to install, can be disassembled and reused, and are ideal for situations where soldering is not practical, such as in tight spaces or for temporary connections. They are commonly used for small-diameter tubing, like water lines to sinks, toilets, and refrigerators.

• Flare Fittings: Similar to compression fittings, flare fittings also create a mechanical seal. However, they require the end of the copper tube to be "flared" out using a flaring tool. The flared end of the tube then fits into a matching male-threaded fitting, and a nut is tightened to press the flared end firmly against the fitting's seat. Flare fittings are known for their high-pressure resistance and are the standard for connecting refrigerant lines in HVAC and refrigeration systems.

• Solder Fittings (Sweating): This is the most common and traditional method for joining rigid copper pipes in plumbing. Soldering, also known as "sweating," involves using a solder alloy (usually a lead-free tin-based solder) and a flux to create a permanent, metallurgical bond between the pipe and the fitting. The process requires heating the joint with a torch to melt the solder, which is then drawn into the gap by capillary action, creating a strong and durable seal. Soldering is highly reliable and can withstand high pressures, making it the preferred method for potable water systems.

• Press Fittings: Press fittings, or "press-connect" fittings, represent a newer, more modern method of joining copper pipes. They use a special tool to mechanically press a fitting onto the end of a copper tube, creating a permanent, watertight seal with an internal O-ring. This method is faster than soldering as it eliminates the need for an open flame and cool-down time. Press fittings are a popular choice for both new construction and repair work, offering a flame-free alternative that is especially useful in occupied buildings or spaces with fire hazards.

Soldering and Brazing

• Step-by-Step Guide to Soldering:

  1. Cut the pipe: Use a proper tube cutter to get a clean, straight cut.

  2. Deburr: Use a deburring tool to remove any burrs from the inside and outside of the cut pipe end. This is crucial for proper flow and to ensure the fitting seats correctly.

  3. Clean the joint: Use an abrasive pad or wire brush to thoroughly clean the outside of the pipe end and the inside of the fitting socket. The surfaces must be bright and shiny for the solder to adhere.

  4. Apply flux: Apply a thin, even coat of soldering flux to the cleaned pipe and the inside of the fitting. Flux helps prevent oxidation during heating and allows the solder to flow smoothly.

  5. Assemble the joint: Push the pipe firmly into the fitting socket, giving it a slight twist to spread the flux evenly.

  6. Heat the joint: Use a propane or MAPP gas torch to heat the joint. Apply the flame to the fitting, not the pipe, to ensure the heat is drawn into the fitting socket.

  7. Apply solder: Once the joint is hot enough (the flux will bubble and turn clear), touch the end of the solder wire to the seam where the pipe meets the fitting. The solder will be drawn into the joint by capillary action. Run the solder around the entire circumference.

  8. Wipe the joint: Use a wet cloth to wipe away excess solder and flux residue. This helps create a clean finish and removes corrosive flux.

• Safety Precautions: Always work in a well-ventilated area. Wear safety glasses and gloves. Have a fire extinguisher and a wet cloth handy to cool down the joint and prevent fires. Be aware of your surroundings and any flammable materials.

Mechanical Connections

For non-soldered connections, understanding the correct use of mechanical fittings is key. For compression fittings, it's important not to overtighten the nut, as this can crush the ferrule and damage the seal. For flare fittings, creating a perfect flare is essential for a leak-free connection. The flare must be smooth, uniform, and free of cracks. Using a proper flaring tool and following the manufacturer's instructions is paramount.

Copper Tube Installation Best Practices

Proper installation is as crucial as the quality of the materials themselves when it comes to ensuring a long-lasting and reliable copper piping system. Following established best practices can prevent common issues like leaks, noise, and premature failure.

Cutting and Deburring

The foundation of a good joint begins with a clean and accurate cut.

• Cutting Techniques: Use a dedicated wheel-type tube cutter for copper pipes. This tool provides a clean, square cut without deforming the pipe. Ensure the cutting wheel is sharp and the rollers are in good condition. Avoid using a hacksaw, as it can leave a jagged edge and metal shavings inside the pipe, which can clog fixtures or wear down components.

• Deburring: After cutting, it is essential to deburr both the inside and outside of the pipe. The cutting process creates a small ridge, or "burr," on the inside of the pipe that can restrict water flow and cause turbulence, leading to noise and potential erosion of the pipe wall (known as impingement corrosion). An internal/external deburring tool or a reamer attachment on the tube cutter should be used to remove all burrs, ensuring a smooth flow path and allowing the pipe to seat correctly in the fitting.

Supporting and Hangers

Proper support is vital to prevent sagging, stress on joints, and vibration-related issues.

• Spacing: Copper pipes should be supported at regular intervals. The general rule of thumb is to place a hanger or support every 6 to 8 feet for horizontal runs and at every floor level for vertical runs. For larger diameter pipes, closer spacing may be necessary.

• Types of Hangers: Use hangers and clamps specifically designed for copper pipes. Avoid using hangers made of dissimilar metals, such as steel, without a protective buffer, as this can lead to galvanic corrosion, a process where one metal corrodes when in contact with another in the presence of an electrolyte (like water). Plastic-coated or insulated hangers are a good choice for this reason.

Insulation

Insulating copper pipes is a simple but highly effective practice with multiple benefits.

• Energy Efficiency: Insulating hot water lines reduces heat loss, ensuring hot water arrives at the tap more quickly and at a higher temperature. This saves energy and reduces heating costs. Similarly, insulating chilled water lines in HVAC systems prevents heat gain, maintaining the cooling efficiency of the system.

• Condensation Control: In hot and humid environments, cold water pipes can "sweat" or form condensation on their outer surface. This can lead to water damage, mold growth, and accelerated corrosion of the pipe and surrounding materials. Insulation acts as a vapor barrier, preventing condensation from forming.

• Freeze Protection: While not a guarantee against freezing in severe conditions, insulation can provide a valuable layer of protection against freezing pipes, particularly in unheated spaces like basements or crawl spaces.

Expansion and Contraction

Copper, like all metals, expands and contracts with changes in temperature. Failing to account for this thermal movement can put significant stress on joints and fittings, leading to leaks or even pipe failure.

• Expansion Loops and Offsets: For long, straight runs of pipe, especially for hot water or heating lines, it's crucial to incorporate expansion loops, offsets, or flexible connections. These features are designed to absorb the thermal movement, protecting the integrity of the system.

• Proper Hanger Installation: Ensure that hangers and supports allow for some longitudinal movement. Avoid rigid clamping that prevents the pipe from moving freely, as this can cause buckling or excessive stress on joints. In some cases, a spring-loaded hanger may be used to accommodate movement while still providing support.

By adhering to these best practices, you can ensure that your copper tube installation is not only leak-free at the time of completion but also remains durable and reliable for many years to come.

Maintaining Copper Tubes

While copper tubes are renowned for their durability and low maintenance, a proactive approach to upkeep can extend their already long lifespan and prevent potential issues. Routine inspections and knowing how to troubleshoot common problems are key to keeping a copper piping system in optimal condition.

Preventative Maintenance

The best maintenance for copper pipes is often preventative.

• Regular Inspections: Periodically inspect exposed copper pipes, particularly in areas like basements, crawl spaces, and utility closets. Look for any signs of corrosion, leaks, or discoloration around fittings and joints. A light green or blue-green patina on the exterior of the pipe is usually a sign of minor surface oxidation and is not typically a cause for concern, but it's wise to keep an eye on it.

• Cleaning: For aesthetic purposes or in medical and industrial settings, copper pipes can be cleaned with a mild acid solution, like a mixture of vinegar and water, or commercial copper cleaners. However, for a standard residential plumbing system, internal cleaning is not necessary and could potentially harm the system. The antimicrobial properties of copper naturally keep the interior clean.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Despite their reliability, copper tubes can occasionally develop problems. Knowing how to identify and address them is crucial.

• Leaks: A leak is the most common issue. Leaks can occur at joints due to a poor solder or mechanical connection, or in the pipe itself due to corrosion.

  • At Joints: If a leak is at a soldered joint, it's often a pinhole. The joint may need to be re-soldered. For mechanical fittings, tightening the nut may fix the problem, but if not, the fitting or ferrule may need to be replaced.

  • Pinhole Leaks in the Pipe: Pinhole leaks are typically a sign of localized corrosion. This can be caused by various factors, including aggressive water chemistry, high velocity water flow (leading to impingement corrosion), or stray electrical currents (galvanic corrosion). If a pinhole leak appears, it's a sign that the pipe is degrading, and a repair or replacement is needed.

• Corrosion: While copper is resistant to general corrosion, it can be susceptible to localized corrosion under certain conditions.

  • Galvanic Corrosion: Occurs when copper is in contact with a more noble metal (like steel) in the presence of an electrolyte. Using proper dielectric unions or plastic-coated hangers can prevent this.

  • Impingement Corrosion: This is a type of erosion-corrosion caused by high-velocity water flow, turbulence, or air bubbles. It can be identified by a series of small, horseshoe-shaped pits. The solution often involves reducing water velocity or addressing the cause of the turbulence.

• "Hammering" Noise: Water hammer is a banging noise that can occur when a valve is suddenly closed, causing a pressure shock wave to travel through the pipes. This is not a problem with the copper itself but with the system's design. Installing water hammer arrestors can help absorb the shock and eliminate the noise.

Repairing Copper Tubes

• Pipe Repair Clamps: For a temporary fix on a small leak, a pipe repair clamp can be used. These clamps consist of a rubber sleeve and a metal shell that is tightened around the leak to provide a quick seal. This is a good short-term solution until a permanent repair can be made.

• Soldering and Brazing: A permanent repair for a leaking section of pipe often involves cutting out the damaged section and soldering in a new piece of pipe with a coupling. This requires the same steps as a new installation: cutting, deburring, cleaning, and soldering.

• Push-to-Connect or Press Fittings: For a faster and flame-free repair, push-to-connect or press fittings can be used. These fittings allow for a quick and reliable repair without the need for a torch, which can be a significant advantage in occupied spaces or areas with fire hazards.

Standards and Regulations

To ensure the safety, reliability, and quality of copper tubing, a variety of standards and regulations have been established by national and international organizations. These guidelines dictate everything from material composition and wall thickness to installation procedures, providing a framework for consistent and high-quality construction.

ASTM Standards

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a globally recognized organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. For copper tubing, several key ASTM standards are paramount.

• ASTM B88: This is the most common and widely referenced standard for seamless copper water tube. It covers the specifications for the three primary types of rigid copper tubing: Type K, Type L, and Type M. The standard defines the outside diameter, wall thickness, and permissible variations for each size and type. It also specifies the chemical composition of the copper alloy, which is required to be at least 99.9% pure copper. Compliance with ASTM B88 ensures that the copper tubing meets the necessary requirements for use in potable water, heating, and other plumbing applications.

• ASTM B280: This standard specifically applies to seamless copper tubing for air conditioning and refrigeration field service. It is the governing standard for the soft-drawn or flexible copper tubing used in HVAC and refrigeration systems. Similar to B88, it specifies dimensional tolerances and material composition, but it also includes requirements for cleanliness. The interior of B280 tubing must be exceptionally clean and dry, as any contaminants could react with refrigerants and lubricants, leading to system failure. This is why this tubing is often sold with sealed ends.

• ASTM B819: This standard covers seamless copper tube specifically for medical gas systems. It is an extension of the principles in B280 but with even more stringent cleanliness requirements. B819 tubing is required to be degreased and cleaned to a very high level and is capped at the factory to prevent any contamination from entering before installation. This is a critical requirement for tubes that will carry life-sustaining gases like oxygen to hospital patients.

Building Codes

In addition to ASTM standards, the installation of copper tubing must comply with local, state, and national building codes. These codes are legal requirements that ensure construction projects are safe, accessible, and meet minimum standards of quality.

• Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) and International Plumbing Code (IPC): In the United States, most jurisdictions adopt either the Uniform Plumbing Code or the International Plumbing Code. These codes provide specific guidelines on everything from the allowed types of piping materials for different applications to the proper methods for joining and supporting pipes. For example, a code might specify that only Type L or Type K copper tubing can be used for underground water service lines, or it might mandate a certain number of supports per foot for a given pipe size.

• Material and Application Approval: Building codes also dictate which materials are approved for specific uses. While copper tubing is widely approved for potable water, its use in other applications, such as drainage or gas lines, may have specific requirements or alternatives that are more commonly used.

• Inspection and Certification: Compliance with building codes is typically verified through a series of inspections by a certified building official. A plumber or installer must demonstrate that the work meets all code requirements, including the correct use of materials, proper soldering or joining techniques, and adequate support and protection of the pipes.